Ephemeral rollover points and clinothem evolution in the modern Po Delta based on repeated bathymetric surveys     

Fabio Trincardi  Alessandro Amorosi  Alessandro Bosman  Annamaria Correggiari  Fantina Madricardo  Claudio Pellegrini 《Basin Research》2020,32(2):402-418

Reconstructions of ancient delta systems rely typically on a two-dimensional (2D) view of prograding clinothems but may miss their three-dimensional (3D) stratigraphic complexity which can, instead, be best documented on modern delta systems by integrating high-resolution geophysical data, historical cartography, core data and geomorphological reconstructions offshore. We quantitatively compare three precisely positioned, high-resolution multi-beam bathymetry maps in the delta front and pro delta sectors (0.3 to 10 m water depth) of Po di Pila, the most active of the modern Po Delta five branches. By investigating the detailed morphology of the prograding modern Po Delta, we shed new light on the mechanisms that control the topset to foreset transition in clinothems and show the temporal and spatial complexity of a delta and its pro delta slope, under the impact of oceanographic processes. This study documents the ephemeral nature of the rollover point at the transition between sandy topset (fluvial, delta plain to mouth-bar) and muddy seaward-dipping foreset deposits advancing, in this case, in >20 m of water depth. Three multibeam surveys, acquired between 2013 and 2016, document the complexity in space and time of the topset and foreset regions and their related morphology, a diagnostic feature that could not be appreciated using solely 2D, even very high-resolution, seismic profiles. In addition, the comparison of bathymetric surveys gathered with one-year lapses shows the migration of subaqueous sand dunes on the clinothem topset, the formation of ephemeral cut-and-fill features at the rollover point (few m below mean sea level), the presence of collapse depressions derived by sagging of sediments and fluid expulsion (possibly induced by storm waves) on the foreset, and splays of sand likely reflecting gravity flows on the lower foreset. Though the modern Po Delta is anthropogenic in many respects, its subaqueous clinothem can be studied as a scale model for ancient clinothems that are less resolved geometrically and far less constrained chronologically.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the temporal variations of groundwater storage and its interactions with climatic variables using GRACE data and hydrological models: A study from Turkey     

Behnam Khorrami  Orhan Gunduz 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14076

Monitoring of the fluctuations of groundwater storage is particularly important in arid and semi-arid regions where water scarcity brings about various challenges. Remote sensing data and techniques play a preponderant role in developing solutions to environmental problems. The launch of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites has eased the remote monitoring and evaluation of groundwater resources with an unprecedented precision over large scales. Within the scope of the current study, the latest release (RL06) of GRACE mass concentrations (Mascons) from Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) dataset as well as Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) models of Noah and Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) were used to provide Groundwater Storage Anomalies (GWSA) over Turkey. The temporal interactions of the estimated GWSA with the climatic variables of precipitation and temperature (derived from the reanalysis datasets of CHELSA [Climatologies at High resolution for the Earth's Land Surface Areas] and FLDAS [the Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System], respectively) were investigated statistically. The results suggest that there is a descending trend (from 2003 to 2016) for Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies (TWSA) and GWSA over Turkey with a total loss of 11 and 6 cm of water, respectively. The statistical analysis results also indicate that the monthly variations of GWSA over Turkey are highly correlated with precipitation and temperature at 2-month lag. The analysis of the climatology (long-term) values of monthly GWSA, precipitation and temperature also revealed high agreement between the variables.  相似文献   

大别山及其周边现今垂直形变研究     

宋尚武  王庆良  郝明  周琳  刘立炜  胡亚轩 《大地测量与地球动力学》2018,38(1):32-35

基于1980年、2005年和2015年3期区域精密水准网观测资料，利用线性动态平差模型计算获取大别山地区水准网长期垂直运动速度场图像。研究发现，淮河平原地表下沉较为严重，大别山呈现弱隆升趋势运动，长江谷地边缘地区较大别山区呈现明显的隆升运动。跨郯庐断裂带水准剖面结果显示，垂直运动与地形呈负相关和弱相关。  相似文献   

Explicit stress–strain equations for modeling frictional materials     

Kenneth J. Xu  Martin D. Liu  Buddhima Indraratna 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2018,36(6):722-734

In this paper, a comprehensive study on simulating the shearing behavior of frictional materials is performed. A set of two explicit equations, describing the relationship among the shear stress ratio and the distortional strain and the volumetric strain, are formulated independently. The equations contain three stress parameters and three strain parameters and another parameter representing the nonuniformity of stress and strain during softening. All the parameters have clear physical significance and can be determined experimentally. It is demonstrated that the proposed equations have the capacity of simulating the complicated shearing behavior of many types of frictional materials including geomaterials. The proposed equations are used to simulate the stress–strain behavior for 27 frictional materials with 98 tests. These materials include soft and stiff clays in both reconstituted and structured states, silicon sands and calcareous sands, silts, compacted fill materials, volcanic soils, decomposed granite soils, cemented soils (both artificially and naturally cemented), partially saturated soils, ballast, rocks, reinforced soils, tire chips, sugar, wheat, and rapeseed. It has been demonstrated that the proposed explicit constitutive equations have the capacity to capture accurately the shearing behavior of frictional materials both qualitatively and quantitatively. A study on model parameters has been performed.  相似文献   

Geostatistical features of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivities in Frenchman Creek Watershed in Western Nebraska     

Olufemi P. Abimbola  Aaron R. Mittelstet  Troy E. Gilmore 《水文研究》2020,34(16):3481-3491

This study evaluated the spatial variability of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_v) in different stream morphologies in the Frenchman Creek Watershed, Western Nebraska, using different variogram models. Streambed K_v values were determined in situ using permeameter tests at 10 sites in Frenchman, Stinking Water and Spring Creeks during the dry season at baseflow conditions. Measurements were taken both in straight and meandering stream channels during a 5 day period at similar flow conditions. Each test site comprised of at least three transects and each transect comprised of at least three K_v measurements. Linear, Gaussian, exponential and spherical variogram models were used with Kriging gridding method for the 10 sites. As a goodness-of-fit statistic for the variogram models, cross-validation results showed differences in the median absolute deviation and the standard deviation of the cross-validation residuals. Results show that using the geometric means of the 10 sites for gridding performs better than using either all the K_v values from the 93 permeameter tests or 10 K_v values from the middle transects and centre permeameters. Incorporating both the spatial variability and the uncertainty involved in the measurement at a reach segment can yield more accurate grid results that can be useful in calibrating K_v at watershed or sub-watershed scales in distributed hydrological models.  相似文献   

A study on the reference frame consistency in recent Earth gravitational models   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Christopher Kotsakis 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(1):31-50

All gravity field functionals obtained from an Earth gravitational model (EGM) depend on the underlying terrestrial reference frame (TRF), with respect to which the EGM’s spherical harmonic coefficients refer to. In order to maintain a coherent framework for the comparison of current and future EGMs, it is thus important to investigate the consistency of their inherent TRFs, especially when their use is intended for high precision studies. Following the methodology described in an earlier paper by Kleusberg (1980), the similarity transformation parameters between the associated reference frames for several EGMs (including the most recent CHAMP/GRACE models at the time of writing this paper) are estimated in the present study. Specifically, the differences between the spherical harmonic coefficients for various pairs of EGMs are parameterized through a 3D-similarity spatial transformation model that relates their underlying TRFs. From the least-squares adjustment of such a parametric model, the origin, orientation and scale stability between the EGMs’ reference frames can be identified by estimating their corresponding translation, rotation and scale factor parameters. Various aspects of the estimation procedure and its results are highlighted in the paper, including data weighting schemes, the sensitivity of the results with respect to the selected harmonic spectral band, the correlation structure and precision level of the estimated transformation parameters, the effect of the estimated differences of the EGMs’ reference frames on their height anomaly signal, and the overall feasibility of Kleusberg’s formulae for the assessment of TRF inconsistencies among global geopotential models.  相似文献   

层序-岩相古地理图及其编制   总被引：24，自引：3，他引：21  

田景春  陈洪德  覃建雄  侯中健  侯明才  彭军 《地球科学与环境学报》2004,26(1):6-12

在中国岩相古地理研究历史简要回顾基础上,以层序地层学理论为指导,就如何编制层序-岩相古地理图进行了讨论,首先是编图单元的选择,一是以层序内的体系域为成图单元,二是以相关界面为成图单元.具体方法是在对所研究的层位进行精细的层序地层分析的基础上,进行层序对比,建立等时地层格架.在上述基础上系统编制不同层序内的各体系域或有关界面沉积时的古地理图.以此方法所编制的层序-岩相古地理图具有重要的理论和现实意义,主要表现为更具有等时性、成因连续性和实用性,能更好地反映一个地区在统一地质作用场中的各种地质信息和综合效应;可以揭示出一些新的地质现象,对于覆盖区相带展布及变化具更合理的预测性.进而以中国南方二叠纪为例,在层序划分、对比的基础上,系统编制了一个完整的海平面变化旋回条件下的层序-岩相古地理图,并描述了其平面展布特点.  相似文献   

Periodical light variations of t tauri stars as a result of disk accretion     

S. A. Lamzin 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1995,224(1-2):211-214

I argue that temperatures of spots, responsible for observed periodical light variations of T Tauri stars (TTS), are not known with reliable accuracy to discriminate between chromospheric and accretion theories of TTS 's phenomenon. The hypothesis is set up that spots on classical TTS (CTTS) are due to heating of stellar surface by radiation from a collisional accretion shock, whereas spots on weak line TTS (WTTS), at least in some cases, are connected with a collisionless accretion shock rather than chromospheric activity. Possible scenarios of WTTS interaction with circumstellar matter are discussed.  相似文献   

A comparison of chemical and chemodynamical models     

Joachim Köppen 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,284(2):837-840

Representative results from a comparison of the chemical evolution of spherical collapse models without and with a intercloud medium are presented. The hot metal-rich gas distributes quickly the metals produced in supernovae throughout the galaxy, thus leading to a more homogeneous chemical evolution and flatter metallicity gradients in the gas and the stars. The stellar population is somewhat less concentrated towards the centre. The strong outflow results in a substantial loss of metals from the galaxy to its surroundings, and a lower effective yield in the galaxy. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Transient‐state groundwater flow in various geometries with wells at arbitrary positions: analytical methods     

M. W. Roth  C. M Wilson  M. Z. Iqbal 《水文研究》2003,17(17):3519-3530

We have developed a method for analytically solving the porous medium flow equation in many different geometries for horizontal (two‐dimensional), homogeneous and isotropic aquifers containing impermeable boundaries and any number of pumping or injection wells located at arbitrary positions within the system. Solutions and results are presented for rectangular and circular aquifers but the method presented here is easily extendible to many geometries. Results are also presented for systems where constant head boundary conditions can be emulated internal to the aquifer boundary. Recommendations for extensions of the present work are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献